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Papermaking

everybodylike — Fri, 04 Sep 2009 09:03:06 +0200

Cash Rolls ,
History
Main article: History of paper
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BCE.
Papermaking is known to have been traced back to China about 105 CE, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating from 8 BCE, while paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding since the 2nd century BCE. Paper used as a writing medium became widespread by the 3rd century, and by the 6th century toilet paper was starting to be used in China as well. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea, while the later Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) was the first government on Earth to issue paper-printed money.
Modern papermaking began in the early 1800s in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine, which produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines have become very large, up to 500 feet (~150 m) in length, producing a sheet 400 inches (~10 m) wide, and operating at speeds of over 60 mph (100 km/h). In 1844, both Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and German inventor F.G. Keller had invented the machine and process for pulping wood for the use in paper making. This would end the nearly 2000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually all paper out of pulped wood , ceramic manufacture .
Manual papermakin , brown paper roll .
Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a dilute suspension of fibers in water and allowing this suspension to drain through a screen so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibers is laid down. Water is removed from this mat of fibers by pressing and drying to make paper , colored paper roll .
The art of papermaking. Medieval festival at Monselice , window tint roll .
First the fibers are suspended in water to form a slurry in a large vat. The mold is a wire screen in a wooden frame (somewhat similar to an old window screen), which is used to scoop some of the slurry out of the vat. The slurry in the screen mold is sloshed around the mold until it forms a uniform thin coating. The fibers are allowed to settle and the water to drain. When the fibers have stabilized in place but are still damp, they are turned out onto a felt sheet which was generally made of an animal product such as wool or rabbit fur, and the screen mold immediately reused. Layers of paper and felt build up in a pile (called a 'post') then a weight is placed on top to press out excess water and keep the paper fibers flat and tight. The sheets are then removed from the post and hung or laid out to dry. A step-by-step procedure for making paper with readily available materials can be found online.
When the paper pages are dry, they are frequently run between rollers (calendered) to produce a harder writing surface. Papers may be sized with gelatin or similar to bind the fibres into the sheet. Papers can be made with different surfaces depending on their intended purpose. Paper intended for printing or writing with ink is fairly hard, while paper to be used for water color, for instance, is heavily sized, and can be fairly soft.
The wooden frame is called a "deckle". The deckle leaves the edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy, called "deckle edges", one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally mechanically imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury. The impressions in paper caused by the wires in the screen that run sideways are called "laid lines" and the impressions made, usually from top to bottom, by the wires holding the sideways wires together are called "chain lines". Watermarks are created by weaving a design into the wires in the mold. This is essentially true of Oriental molds made of other substances, such as bamboo. Hand-made paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines.
Hand-made paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and to check in paper mills the quality of the production process. The "handsheets" made according to TAPPI Standard T 205 are circular sheets 15.9 cm (6.25 in) in diameter and are tested on paper characteristics as paper brightness, strength, degree of sizing.
Industrial papermaking
Main articles: Papermachine and Fourdrinier machine
See also: Paper mill and Pulp and paper industry
A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making hand-made paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry, the headbox of the papermachine (Fourdrinier machine) distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry (by gravity or under vacuum), the wet paper sheet goes through presses and driers and is finally rolled into large rolls, often weighing several tons.
Another type of papermachine makes use of a cylinder mold that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire and covers the mold as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mold to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off of the mold
History of paper sheet production
A blank sheet of paper.
Main article: Paper sizes
See also: Bookbinding
Folio - In the beginning of Western papermaking, paper size was fairly standard. A page of paper is referred to as a leaf. When a leaf was printed on without being folded, the size was referred to as folio (meaning leaf). It was roughly equal to the size of a (small!) newspaper sheet. ("Folio" can also refer to other sizes - see paper sizes.)
Quarto - A Folio folded once produces two leaves (or four pages), and the size of these leaves was referred to as quarto (4to) (about 230 x 280 mm).
Octavo - If the original sheet was folded in half again, the result was eight pages, referred to as octavo (8vo), which is roughly the size of an average modern novel. An octavo folding produces four leaves; the first two and the second two will be joined at the top by the first fold. The top edge is usually trimmed to make it possible to look freely at each side of the leaf. Sometimes books are found that have not been trimmed on the top, and these pages are referred to as unopened.
An octavo book produces a printing puzzle. The paper is first printed before folding and thus pages 8 and 1 are printed right-side-up on the bottom of the sheet, and pages 4 and 5 are printed upside-down on the top of the same side of the paper. On the opposite side, pages 2 and 7 are printed right-side-up on the bottom of the sheet, and pages 6 and 3 are printed upside-down on the top of the sheet. When the paper is folded twice and the folds trimmed, the pages fall into proper order.
Sixteen-mo - Smaller books are produced by folding the leaves again to produce 16 pages, known as a sixteen-mo (16mo) (originally sextodecimo). Other folding arrangements produce yet smaller books such as the thirty-two-mo (32mo) (duo et tricensimo).
Octavo bookbinding - When a standard-sized octavo book is produced by twice folding a large leaf, two leaves joined at the top will be contained in the resulting fold (which ends up in the gulley between the pages). This group of eight numberable pages is called a signature or a gathering. Traditionally, printed signatures were stacked on top of each other in a sewing frame and each signature was sewn through the inner fold to the signature on top of it. The sewing ran around leather bands or fabric tapes along the backs of the signatures to stabilize the pile of signatures. The leather bands originally used in the West to stabilize the backs of sewn books appear as a number of ridges under the leather on the spine of leather books. The ends of the leather strips or fabric bands were sewn or glued onto the cover boards and reinforced the hinging of the book in its covers.
Standardisation ISO sizes - While opinions and speculation abound on exact reasons for standardized paper sizes, the most revealing feature of popular sizes (such as Letter and ISO 216 sizes) is that they conform not to some arbitrary device dimension, but that the length of the paper is chosen to be the width of the page times the square root of 2. This feature allowed for a large page to be cut in half and the resulting 2 pages to have the same aspect ratio as the original piece (just with half the size). Repeated cuts can be made to reduce the entire sheet to one size of pages without wasted paper. This format was formalized by ISO 216 however such logic dictated efficient paper sizes long before the ISO was created. For example, traditional 8.5"x11" Letter paper is within a few millimeters of A4 paper (ISO 216) dimensions. While paper sizes "may" have been chosen based on the size of original frames, the frames themselves were chosen to make page reduction efficient without distorting the aspect ratio of the pages regardless of final size chosen. That said, there are paper sizes that do not conform to this idea when specific applications are needed.
Vatmen paper - Vatmen Paper was a type of paper made in The Netherlands that was 17 inches (~43 cm) wide and 44 inches (~112 cm) long. 44 inches was (reputedly) chosen because that is how far the papermaker could stretch...

Frankfurt kitchen

everybodylike — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 07:43:03 +0200

Dining Room Furniture ,
Motivation and influences
German cities after the end of World War I were plagued by a serious housing shortage. Various social housing projects were realised in the 1920s to increase the number of rental apartments. These large-scale projects had to provide affordable apartments for a great number of typical working class families and thus were subject to tight budget constraints. As a consequence, the apartments designed were comfortable but not spacious, and so the architects sought to reduce costs by applying one design for large numbers of apartments.
Margarete Schtte-Lihotzky's design of the kitchen for the Rmerstadt thus had to solve the problem of how to build many kitchens, without allowing it to occupy too much of the total space of the apartment. Her design departed from the then common kitchen-cum-living room. The typical worker's household lived in a two-room apartment, in which the kitchen served many functions at once: besides cooking, one dined, lived, bathed, and even slept there, while the second room, intended as the parlour, often was reserved for special occasions such as a rare Sunday dinner. Instead, Schtte-Lihotzky's kitchen was a small separate room, connected to the living room by a sliding door; thus separating the functions of work (cooking etc.) from those of living and relaxing, consistent with her view about life:
Erstens besteht es in Arbeit, und zweitens in Ausruhen, Gesellschaft, Genu.
"Firstly, it [life] is work, and secondly it is relaxing, company, pleasures."
Margarethe Schtte-Lihotzky in Schlesisches Heim 8/1921
Schtte-Lihotzky's design was strongly influenced by the ideas of Taylorism, which was en vogue at the beginning of the 20th century. Started by Catharine Beecher in the middle of the 19th century and reinforced by Christine Frederick's publications in the 1910s, the growing trend that called for viewing household work as a true profession had the logical consequence that the industrial optimisation pioneered by Taylorism spilled over into the domestic area. Frederick's The New Housekeeping, which argued for rationalising the work in the kitchen using a Taylorist approach, had been translated into German under the title Die rationelle Haushaltsfhrung in 1922. These ideas were received well in Germany and Austria and formed the base of German architect Erna Meyer's work and were also instrumental in Schtte-Lihotzky's design of the Frankfurt kitchen. She did detailed time-motion studies to determine how long each processing step in the kitchen took, re-designed and optimised workflows, and planned her kitchen design such that it should optimally support these workflows. Improving the ergonomics of the kitchen and rationalising the kitchen work was important to her:
Das Problem, die Arbeit der Hausfrau rationeller zu gestalten, ist fast fr alle Schichten der Bevlkerung von gleicher Wichtigkeit. Sowohl die Frauen des Mittelstandes, die vielfach ohne irgendwelche Hilfe im Haus wirtschaften, als auch Frauen des Arbeiterstandes, die hufig noch anderer Berufsarbeit nachgehen mssen, sind so berlastet, da ihre berarbeitung auf die Dauer nicht ohne Folgen fr die gesamte Volksgesundheit bleiben kann.
"The problem of rationalising the housewife's work is equally important to all classes of the society. Both the middle-class women, who often work without any help [i.e. without servants] in their homes, and also the women of the worker class, who often have to work in other jobs, are overworked to the point that their stress is bound to have serious consequences for public health at large."
Margarete Schtte-Lihotzky in Das neue Frankfurt, 5/1926-1927
This quote succinctly sums up the reasons for the appeal of Taylorism at the time. On the one hand, the trend to rationalise the household was reinforced by the intention to reduce the time spent in (economically speaking) "unproductive" housework, so that women had more time for factory work. On the other hand, emancipatory efforts to improve women's status, also in the home, called for rationalisation to relieve women and enable them to pursue other interests.
Schtte-Lihotzky was strongly inspired by the extremely space-constrained railway dining car kitchens, which she saw as a Taylorist ideal: even though these were very small, two people could prepare and serve the meals for about 100 guests, and then wash and store the dishes.
Kitchen pla , furniture folding tables .
The characteristic aluminium drawer , high end furniture .
The resulting Frankfurt kitchen was a narrow double-file kitchen measuring 1.9 m by 3.4 m. The kitchen had a separate entrance in one of the short walls, opposite which was the window. Along the left side (as seen from the entrance), the stove was placed, followed by a sliding door connecting the kitchen to the dining and living room. On the right wall were cabinets and the sink, in front of the window a workspace. There was no refrigerator, but a foldable ironing board, visible in the image folded against the left wall , recliner sectional sofa .
The narrow layout of the kitchen was not due solely to the space constraints mentioned above, it was equally a conscious design decision in a very Taylorist attempt to minimise the number of steps needed when working in the kitchen. The sliding door also helped minimise the walking distance between the kitchen and the table in the adjacent room , small tv stands .
Dedicated, labelled storage bins for common ingredients such as flour, sugar, rice and others were intended to keep the kitchen tidy and well-organised; the workspace had an integrated, removable "garbage drawer" such that scraps could just be shoved into it while working and the whole thing emptied at once afterwards.
Because conventional kitchen furniture of the time fit neither the new workflows nor the narrow space, the Frankfurt kitchen was installed complete with furniture and major appliances such as the stove, a novelty at that time in Germany. It was the first fitted kitchen. The wooden door and drawer fronts were painted blue because researchers had found that flies avoided blue surfaces. Lihotzky used oak wood for flour containers, because it repelled mealworms, and beech for table tops because beech is resistant to staining, acids, and knifemarks. The seating was a revolving stool on castors for maximum flexibility.
User acceptance
Schtte-Lihotzky's Frankfurt kitchen was installed in some 10,000 units in Frankfurt and as such was a commercial success. The cost of a single kitchen, fully equipped, was moderate (a few hundred Reichsmark); the costs were passed on to the rent (which reportedly increased the rents by 1 RM per month).
However, the users of these kitchens often had their difficulties with them. Unaccustomed to Schtte-Lihotzky's custom-designed workflows for which the kitchen was optimised, they often were at loss as to how to use the kitchen. It was frequently described as not flexible enoughhe dedicated storage bins often were used for other things than their labels said. Another problem with these bins was that they were easily reachable by small children. Schtte-Lihotzky had designed the kitchen for one adult person only, children or even a second adult had not entered the picture, and in fact, the kitchen was too small for two people to work in. Even one person often was hampered by open cabinet doors.
Most contemporary criticism concentrated on such rather technical aspects. Nevertheless, the Frankfurt kitchen became a model for a modern work kitchen. For the rest of the 20th century, the small, rationalised work kitchen was a standard in tenement buildings throughout Europe.
Sociological aspects of the "work kitchen" were criticised only much later, in the 1970s and 80s, when feminist criticism found that the emancipatory intentions that had in part motivated the development of the work kitchen had actually backfired: precisely because of the specialised rationalisation and the small size of these kitchens such that only one person could work comfortably, housewives tended to become isolated from the life in the rest of the house. What had started as an emancipatory attempt (although all proponents such as Beecher, Frederick, or Meyer had always implicitly assumed that the kitchen was the woman's domain) to professionalise and revalue work in the home was now seen as a confinement of the woman to the kitchen.
Variations and further developments
Schtte-Lihotzky did not just design "the" Frankfurt kitchen she actually designed three different variations of it. Type 1, the one described here, was the most common and least costly. She also designed "Type 2" and "Type 3" kitchens based on the same concept, but these were larger, had tables, and were spacious enough for one or even two additional persons to help in the kitchen. These two latter types, however, did not have the impact her "Type 1" model had.
Erna Meyer responded to the criticisms of the Frankfurt kitchen with her Stuttgart kitchen, presented in 1927. It was slightly larger and had a more square ground plan, and used unit furniture in an attempt to make it adaptable to both the future users' needs and different room shapes.
See also
Kitchen
External links
Die "Frankfurter Kche" very thorough, but also in German. (PDF, 208 kB)
The "Monats-Anzeiger", Nr. 276 (March 2004) of the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg has a section of the Frankfurt kitchen with description (in German) and images.
Guardian article on the Frankfurt kitchen
V&A Museum...

Contender

everybodylike — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 07:41:28 +0200

STR0012 Ring , ok up contender in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Contender can refer to:
Contender (stock character), commonly used in books, TV shows, plays, and films
The Contender (TV series), a boxing-based reality television series or its spinoffs:
The Contender 2
The Contender Challenge: UK vs. USA
The Contender , 18k pendant .
The Contender Asi , pakistani jewelry .
The Contender , murano pendant .
The Contender (Robert Lipsyte novel), a 1967 novel by Robert Lipsyte , wooden christmas ornament .
The Contender (film)
The Contender (book), codename for an unreleased book by author Darren Shan
Contender (dinghy) a type of sailing dinghy
The Contender a single shot, break-action firearm made as a pistol or rifle, manufactured by Thomspon Center Arms.
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

Sterno

everybodylike — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 07:27:05 +0200

Cpu Holders ,
For the record label, see Sterno Records.

A can of Sterno aflame.
Sterno Canned Heat is a fuel made from denatured and jellied alcohol. It is designed to be burned directly from its can. Its primary use is in the food service industry for buffet heating. Other uses are for camp stoves and as an emergency heat source. Due to Sterno's popularity, the term has become a genericized trademark, often used to refer to many similarly appearing products.
Contents
1 History
2 Cocktail
3 Sterno in popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
History
The Sterno brand is owned by the Candle Corporation of America, a subsidiary of Blyth, Inc. The name comes from that of the original manufacturer: S. Sternau & Co. of Brooklyn, New York, a maker of chafing-dishes, coffee percolators and other similar appliances. They had previously applied the name to their "Sterno-Inferno" alcohol burner. In 1918 they promoted their Sterno Stove as being a perfect gift for a soldier going overseas.
Invented around 1900, Sterno is made from ethanol, methanol, water and an amphoteric oxide gelling agent, plus a dye that gives it a characteristic pink color. Designed to be odorless, a 7 oz (198 g) can will burn for up to two hours. The methanol is added to denature the product, which essentially is intended to make it too toxic to be drinkable (see methylated spirit for more information).
In NASCAR racing, it is alleged that Sterno was used in Mike Waltrip's #55 racing Toyota Camry as an illegal fuel supplement to increase the power during qualifying for the 2007 Daytona 500. From the article "At the same time, inspectors will be 'going over the 55 car [Waltrip's] with a fine-tooth comb,' Hunter said after inspectors found a gel-like coating inside the manifold. Several engine builders from other teams said the substance appeared to be Sterno, a bluish gel that could provide a hotter, cleaner burn inside the engine to create more horsepower."
In the philosophical work Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig (1974), Sterno is recommended as useful equipment for long motorcycle trips.
Cocktail
Sterno has long been mixed with water and other liquids to produce a drink called "canned heat", "squeeze" or "pink lady". The product is squeezed through a rag (or in other traditions, a loaf of French bread with ends removed) to extract the alcohol. These alcoholic beverages, primarily used in poorer communities, have been linked to numerous deaths from methanol poisoning, including 31 people in Philadelphia in 1963.
See also: Denatured alcohol#Consumption and toxicity
Sterno in popular culture
In 1929 Tommy Johnson recorded "Canned Heat Blues", about an alcoholic who has desperately turned to drinking Sterno. The band Canned Heat later took its name from this song.
In Michael Crichton's 1969 techno-thriller novel The Andromeda Strain, one of the two survivors of the strain's outbreak, Peter Jackson, is a heavy Sterno user. This later turns out to be of importance in the plot.
In Sherman Alexie's 1995 novel Reservation Blues the characters Thomas Builds-the-Fire and Chess Warm Water talk about alcoholic Native Americans drinking Sterno mixed with grape juice.
See also
Portable stove
Beverage-can stove
Esbit
References
^ Coble, Don (2007-02-11). "Waltrip could face a Sterno penalty". The Florida Times-Union Jacksonville.com. http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/021207/spr_7944840.shtml.
^ Justice Jones's Opinion in Commonwealth of PA v. Max Feinberg
External links
Official website
Material Safety Data Sheet
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Amphicat

everybodylike — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 07:33:58 +0200

Head Mounted Display ,
The Amphicat was a six-wheel-drive, skid steer amphibious all-terrain vehicle manufactured in the late 1960s through the early 1970s by Mobility Unlimited Inc of Auburn Heights, Michigan. The product line was purchased by Magna American Corp. which produced the vehicle in Raymond, Mississippi for several years.
The Amphicat guests as a moon buggy in Space 1999 and as the Banana Splits' cars in the TV show "Banana Splits".
Technical details
Body - vacuum formed Marbon Cycolac ABS plastic.
Engine - 16Hp air-cooled 2-cycle recoil start gasoline engine.
Transmission - Forward and Reverse.
Clutches - Automatic torque converter for driving, Disk-type for steering.
Brakes - Band type on drum.
Tires - Special designed 11.5x20 Amphicat tubeless (bonded to wheel).
Little known facts
Ontario Drive & Gear Limited (ODG) manufactured a special transmission for the Amphicat. ODG would use this experience to introduce their own Argo ATVs.
External links
Amphicat 6x6 ATV info.
Rout6x6.com's Amphicat page
Joe's Garage Amphicat page.
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Long-sleeved T-shirt

everybodylike — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 09:33:04 +0200

Polo Pique Shirt ,
A long-sleeved shirt is a type of shirt, often misinterpreted as a T-Shirt, in the style of a T-shirt, which the original kind is short-sleeved, but with long sleeves. It has been an acceptable piece of fashion since the 1970s. Since the mid-1980s, it has often been worn underneath a short-sleeved T-shirt for a nice-looking, warm combination. That style is typically done in the fall and winter.
Long sleeved T-shirts are also becoming a common summer garment for younger generations, due to indoor air conditioning, and the concern of sunburn.
Long sleeved T-shirts have long sleeves because of the following reasons.
1- It helps protect the arms from sunburn 2- It hides un-shaved arms of women 3- It is a fashon these days to wear under the regular T-shirt to give nice effect of separate arms 4- Long sleeve T-shirts can be worn throughout the year. 5- Long Sleeved T-shirts come in both Polo and round neck style. 6- Arms of the long sleeved T-shirts can be of different color to give good stylish look
This clothing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: T-shirts | Clothing stubs
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Cutco for Kitchen Knives Sets

everybodylike — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 08:52:01 +0200

3-in-1 Universal Handsfree Car Kit ,

Cutco
Type
Private
Founded
1949
Headquarters
Olean, New York
Industry
Kitchen accessories
Products
Cutlery
Revenue
Over $200 million
Employees
Over 800
Website
www.cutco.com
CUTCO is a brand of cutlery and kitchen accessories directly marketed to customers through in-home demonstrations by independent sales representatives who are almost exclusively college students. The products cannot be purchased in stores. Cutco Cutlery Corp. is owned by CUTCO Corporation and has been in business since 1949. The parent company name was changed from Alcas Corp. to CUTCO Corp. on Jan. 1, 2009, as the company marked its 60th anniversary. All its knives are produced in Olean, New York in the United States, although a few products (such as the ice cream scoop and the metal heads of the flatware) are partially made outside the US. More than 100 kitchen cutlery products are sold under the Cutco name, as well as a variety of kitchen utensils, cookware, sporting and outdoors knives, and flatware.
Contents
1 Product
2 Vector Marketing
3 Awards
4 Memberships
5 Controversies and criticisms
6 In popular culture
7 Advancement
8 References
9 External links

//

Product

A few Cutco knives and a pair of shears
Cutco claims that their cutting edge is the sharpest available, and uses slogans such as "The World's Finest Cutlery" to promote their product line. The company uses an edge design Cutco calls "Double-D", and ergonomic handles. Cutco offers a "forever guarantee" on their products.
The Double-D Edge design consists of three edged points separated by recessed straight segments of blade. The company claims that the recessed edge is protected from dulling caused by the knife hitting the cutting surface via the sharpened points. This is similar to a serrated knife, but the company claims their edge design performs better. The knives can be mailed back to Cutco for resharpening; the customer is required to pay a shipping and handling fee.
Cutco knife blades are stamped 440A stainless steel with a Rockwell Hardness of 55-57c; the handles are thermoresin.
Vector Marketing
Main article: Vector Marketing
Vector Marketing is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Alcas Corporation and does all of the marketing of the Cutco products.
Vector Marketing offers opportunities and bonuses based on representative performance.
Awards
Winner of 2002 Union Label & Service Trades Department, AFL-CIO Labor-Management Award
Winner of 2002 Share Our Strength "Frontier Award" for its contributions fighting hunger
Memberships
Direct Selling Association (DSA)
Direct Marketing Association (DMA)
Better Business Bureau (BBB)
Controversies and criticisms
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Vector Marketing . (Discuss)
Cutco's marketing arm, Vector Marketing, have been the subject of varied controversy. Vector Marketing's employment tactics have been criticized, specifically for deceptive recruitment practices. Vector was sued by the Arizona Attorney General in 1990, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission in 1999, and was ordered by the state of Wisconsin not to deceive recruits in 1994. Each time their legal trouble revolved around allegedly fraudulent recruiting tactics, and each time Vector settled and promised not to mislead their recruits anymore.
In the early 2000s, Vector made what they called "transparency" changes to become more upfront about what they offered representatives. Vector asserts that many of the people who were in upper-level positions with Vector 10 to 15 years ago when most of the criticism occurred no longer work with the company. Groups of former Cutco employees or contractors argue that these changes have not altered Cutco's business practices.
The company tells recruits they can make significant profits, but, depending on multiple factors, they may only make a few hundred dollars a month. Like many sales positions, profit depends largely on the effort of sales reps.
Employees can only begin to attempt sales after purchasing or borrowing a sample set of Cutco knives to show customers. Some Vector programs allow representatives to attain a sample set free of charge, while others offer the set at a 70% discounted price or security deposit of $144.00. The $144.00 paid for the sample set can be refunded upon the return of the knives or the representatives can choose to keep the knives for their personal use.
In popular culture
The band Ludo mentions selling 147 Cutco knives in their song "Good Will Hunting By Myself".
"Made in America" and "Modern Marvels" have both showcased the manufacture of Cutco knives.
The cutlery brand and its sales tactics were parodied in the episode I Married Marge of The Simpsons where a young Homer tries selling "Slashco" knives. It is also mentioned when Homer is trying to come up with a name for his internet business in the episode Das Bus, claiming he needs a clever name such as Cutco.
In a deleted scene from the television show The Office (US), it is implied that Michael Scott once worked for Vector selling Cutco products. He states that he once sold cutlery and made mention of "shears that could decimate a penny"; which is a common demonstration used by Cutco sales representatives when selling to clients.
Advancement
Offices run by the various District Managers and Branch Managers employ assistant managers to assist their offices and promotions based on sales. Vector Marketing asserts that every person in the firm went through the training program and advanced through the ranks with everyone starting as a representative.
Representatives make 10 to 50% of their personal revenue depending on how much they have sold.
References
^ Chu, Kathy, College students learn from job of hard knocks: Door-to-door sales draw thousands every summer, http://www.usatoday.com/educate/college/careers/Car_foc/cf7-20-06.htm, retrieved on 2007-10-12
^ Davis, Jana, What is 'Work For Students' anyway?, http://media.www.thevistaonline.com/media/storage/paper962/news/2007/10/02/News/What-Is.work.For.Students.Anyway-3005703.shtml, retrieved on 2007-10-12
^ Hardgrove, Caitlin, Sophomore wins award, http://www.thebreeze.org/2007/10-4/news4.html, retrieved on 2007-10-12
^ Cutco Forever Guarantee
^ Cutco Sharpening Policy
^ Guardian
External links
Cutco Official Site

v?d?eKnives and daggers
Types of knives
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife Athame Balisong Ballistic Barlow Boline Bolo Boning Boot knife Bowie Bread knife Cane knife Chef's knife Cleaver Combat knife Corvo Dagger Deba bocho Electric Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife Gerber Mark II Ginsu Grapefruit knife Gravity knife Hunting knife Jacob's ladder Kirpan Kitchen knife Kukri Laguiole knife Lajinaa Machete Misericorde Mora knife Multi-tool Nakiri bocho Navaja Opinel knife Palette knife Pantographic knife Penknife Penny knife Phurba Pocket knife Putty knife Puukko Rampuri Rondel dagger Sabatier Santoku Scalpel Seax Sgian dubh Sharpfinger Sheath knife Shiv Sliding knife SOG Knife Straight razor Survival knife Swiss Army knife Switchblade Taping knife Throwing knife Tomato knife Trench knife Ulu Utility knife X-Acto
Types of daggers
Bagh nakh Baselard Bich'hwa Bollock dagger Cinquedea Dirk Ear dagger Fac Hachiwara Hunting dagger Jambiya Kaiken Kalis Kard Katar Khanjar Kris Parrying dagger Pata Poignard Push dagger Seme Shobo Stiletto Tant? Thracian dagger U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto V-42 Stiletto Yoroi t?shi
Knife manufacturers
Benchmade Brusletto Buck Knives Calphalon Camillus Cutlery Company...
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Sauce for mushroom soy sauce

everybodylike — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 08:05:01 +0200

MDF MD One Stethoscope (Adult, Pediatric & Infant Models) ,

For other uses, see Sauce (disambiguation).

Sauces
In cooking, a sauce is liquid or sometimes semi-solid food served on or used in preparing other foods. Sauces are not normally consumed by themselves; they add flavor, moisture, and visual appeal to another dish. Sauce is a French word taken from the Latin salsus, meaning salted. Sauces need a liquid component, but some sauces (for example, salsa or chutney) may contain more solid elements than liquid. Sauces are an essential element in cuisines all over the world.
Sauces may be ready made sauces, usually bought, such as soy sauce, or freshly prepared by the cook; such as Bhamel sauce, which is generally made just before serving. Sauces for salads are called salad dressing. Sauces made by deglazing a pan are called pan sauces.
A cook who specializes in making sauces is a "saucier".
Contents
1 Sauces in French cuisine
2 Sauces in other cuisines
3 Sauce variations
4 Examples of sauces
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

//

Sauces in French cuisine

Sauce brnaise or Brnaise sauce made of clarified butter and egg yolks flavored with shallots, chervil and tarragon
Sauces in French cuisine date back to Medieval times. There were hundreds of sauces in the culinary repertoire. In 'classical' French cooking (19th and 20th century until nouvelle cuisine), sauces were a major defining characteristic of French cuisine.
In the 19th century, the chef Antonin Care classified sauces into four families, each of which was based on a mother sauce (Also called grand sauces). Care's four mother sauces were:
Bhamel, based on milk, thickened with a white roux.
Espagnole, based on brown stock (usually veal), thickened with a brown roux.
Velout, based on a white stock, thickened with a blonde roux.
Allemande, based on velout sauce, is thickened with egg yolks and heavy cream.
In the early 20th century, the chef Auguste Escoffier updated the classification, adding new sauces such as tomato sauce, butter sauces and emulsified sauces such as Mayonnaise and Hollandaise.
Most sauces commonly used in classical cuisine are derivatives of one of the above mentioned mother sauces. Mother sauces are not commonly served as-is; instead they are augmented with additional ingredients to make derivative sauces. For example, Bechamel can be made into Mornay by the addition of Gruye, and Espagnole becomes Bordelaise with the addition of reduced red wine and poached beef marrow.
Sauces in other cuisines

In the European traditions, sauces are often served in a sauce boat.
Sauces and condiments also play an important role in other cuisines:
British cooking: Gravy is a traditional sauce used on roast dinner, which (traditionally) comprises roast potatoes, roast meat, boiled vegetables and optional Yorkshire puddings. Bread sauce is one of the oldest sauces in British cooking, flavored with spices brought in during the first returns of the spice missions across the globe and thickened with dried bread. Apple sauce and mint sauce are also used on meat (pork and lamb respectively). Salad cream is sometimes used on salads. Ketchup and brown sauce are used on more fast-food type dishes. Strong English mustard (as well as French or American mustard) are also used on various foods, as is Worcestershire sauce. Custard is a popular dessert sauce. Some of these sauce traditions have been exported to ex-colonies such as the USA.
Italian sauces include white sauces such as alfredo and balsamella and red sauces such as siciliana, pescatore, napolitan, pizzaiola, amatriciana, arrabbiata, rag, and pesto sauces mainly based on oil and garlic.
Salsas ("sauces" in Spanish) such as pico de gallo (salsa tricolor), salsa cocida, salsa verde, and salsa roja are a crucial part of Latino cuisines in the Americas and Europe. Typical ingredients include tomato, onion, and spices; thicker sauces often contain avocado. Mexican cuisine uses a sauce based on chocolate and chillies known as Mole.
Typical sauces used in Japanese cuisine are usually based on sh?yu (soy sauce), miso or dashi. Ponzu, citrus-flavored soy sauce, and yakitori no tare, sweetened rich soy sauce, are examples of shoyu-based sauces. Miso-based sauces include gomamiso, miso with ground sesame, and amamiso, sweetened miso. (Note: in colloquial Japanese, the word "sauce" sometimes refers to Worcestershire sauce introduced in 19th century and largely arranged to Japanese tastes. Tonkatsu and yakisoba sauces are based on this sauce.)
Chinese cuisine is known for prepared sauces based on fermented soy beans (soy sauce, doubanjiang, hoisin sauce, sweet noodle sauce) as well as many others such as chili sauces and oyster sauce. One of the more distinctive (and popular) Chinese sauces is sweet and sour sauce.
Korean cuisine uses sauces such as doenjang, gochujang, samjang, and soy sauce.
Southeast Asian cuisines, such as Thai and Vietnamese cuisine, often use fish sauce, made from fermented fish.
Peruvian cuisine uses sauces based mostly in different varieties of aj combined with several ingredients most notably salsa huancaa based in fresh cheese and salsa de ocopa based on peanuts or nuts. It is said that each household in the country has its own secret salsa recipe.
Asian prepared sauces are not thick as they do not contain thickening agents such as flour. The thickening occurs in the last minutes of cooking when thickeners like corn starch are added.
Sauce variations

Caramel sauce
There are also many sauces based on tomato (such as tomato ketchup, tomato pancake sauce, and tomato sauce), other vegetables and various spices. Although the word 'ketchup' by itself usually refers to tomato ketchup, it may also be used to describe sauces from other vegetables or fruits.
Sauces can also be sweet, and used either hot or cold to accompany and garnish a dessert.
Another kind of sauce is made from stewed fruit, usually strained to remove skin and fibers and often sweetened. Such sauces, including apple sauce and cranberry sauce, are often eaten with specific other foods (apple sauce with pork, ham, or potato pancakes; cranberry sauce with poultry) or served as desserts.
Examples of sauces

Mushroom sauce
White sauces
Mushroom sauce
Mornay sauce
Sauce Allemande
Sauce Amicaine
Supre sauce
Velout
Yoghurt sauce
Brown sauces
Bordelaise sauce
Bourguignonne sauce
Chateaubriand sauce
Charcutiere sauce
Demi glace sauce
Romesco sauce
Sauce Africaine
Sauce au Poivre
Sauce Robert
Poutine sauce
Bhamel family
Bhamel sauce
Mornay sauce
Emulsified sauces
Aioli
Brnaise sauce
Hollandaise sauce
Mayonnaise
Remoulade
Tartar sauce
Salad cream
Butter sauces
Beurre blanc
Caf de Paris
Satay sauce or Peanut sauce
Meuniere sauce
Sweet sauces
Butterscotch sauce
Chocolate or fudge sauce
Custard
Cre anglaise
Hard sauce -- not liquid, but called a sauce nonetheless
Fruit sauces
Applesauce
Blueberry sauce
Caramel sauce
Cranberry sauce
Mango sauce
Moambe sauce
Plum sauce
Strawberry sauce
Sauces made of chopped fresh ingredients
Latin American Salsa cruda of various kinds
Romanian Mujdei
Onion sauce
Salsa verde
Pesto
Georgian Tkemali
Sauce gribiche
Sauce vierge
Hot sauces (Chile pepper-tinged sauces)
Buffalo Sauce
Datil Pepper Sauce
Chili sauce
Enchilada sauce
Tabasco sauce
Zhug...
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Klippan (sofa) for Sofa Upholstery Fabri...

everybodylike — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 06:31:01 +0200

Copper Ss Pitchers ,

A typical Klippan Sofa.
The Klippan Sofa is a popular model of sofa manufactured and sold by IKEA. Klippan means "the Rock" in Swedish. (IKEA's nomenclature conventions name upholstered furniture after places in Sweden. This sofa is named after Klippan Municipality in Southern Sweden). It was first sold in 1980 and continues to be one of IKEA's most popular and longstanding products. It comes in a standard two-seat size (which fits easily through standard house doorways), and can be fitted with a range of covers allowing the owner to express their own creative urges through the medium of fabric. Removable and interchangeable covers also mean owners need worry little about accidental damage. As well as standard cotton covers, IKEA sells 'exclusive' collections of covers, retiring designs after a year.
The only changes over the years have been the legs; earlier incarnations were painted wood. Nowadays the legs are made from aluminum.
In 2003, the Klippan was used as the standard sofa in a test to compare the British fire safety requirements against the Swedish and mainland European safety requirements. Three Klippans were used, one with no flame retardant treatment, one treated with phosphorus-based flame retardant, and one treated with bromine-based flame retardant. All three sofas were specially manufactured by IKEA in its workshops at ?lmhult.

The cover being pushed into place on a Klippan.
References
^ Merle Brown (2006-07-02). "Design Classics: Ikea Klippen sofa". Sunday Herald. http://www.sundayherald.com/56470.
^ Velina Nacheva. "Catching the IKEA fever?". Kuwaiti Times. http://www.kuwaittimes.net/Navariednews.asp?dismode=article&artid=616286671.
^ Petra Andersson and Margaret Simonson (2003-12-29). "Furniture with high fire resistance is good for the environment" (PDF). BrandPosten. http://www.sp.se/sv/general/publ/brandposten/Brandposten29Eng.pdf.
Further reading
"What A Sweetheart Of A Love Seat". BusinessWeek. 2005-11-14. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_46/b3959008.htm. the design of Klippan
Sam Clements (2005-01-05). "Town becomes land of the giants". Bucks Free Press. http://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/barmybucks/display.var.668682.0.town_becomes_land_of_the_giants.php. a Giant Klippan created for the launch of IKEA in Milton Keynes
External links
An IKEA history, including the birth of the Klippan
Swedish Government fire testing of Klippan sofa
Klippan Buying Guide
Categories: Furniture | Couches
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Jade Taylor for jade jewelry bracelet

everybodylike — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 05:58:01 +0200

Fashion Hats ,

Jade Taylor
As the World Turns
Portrayedby
Elena Goode (February 2, 2006 to July 17, 2007)Davida Williams (December 17, 2008 to Present)
First appearance
February 2, 2006
Profile
Gender
Female
Age
19
Occupation
Unemployed
Relationships
Parents
Derek Coburn(biological father)Rose D'Angelo(biological mother, deceased)
Romances
Luciano "Luke" Snyder(fake relationship)William "Will" Munson(affair/lovers)Adam Munson(dated)Robert "Robbie" Sanchez(dated)Casey Hughes(one night stand)
Grandparents
Joshua "Josh" Snyder-Stricklyn(biological maternal grandfather)Iva Snyder Benedict(biological maternal grandmother)
Aunts and uncles
Lily Walsh Snyder(biological maternal aunt)Matthew John "M.J." Dixon(biological maternal uncle)
Cousins
Luciano "Luke" Snyder(biological maternal cousin)Faith Snyder(biological maternal cousin)Natalie Snyder(biological maternal cousin)Ethan Snyder(biological maternal cousin)
Jade Taylor is a fictional character on the American soap opera As the World Turns. She was originally portrayed by Elena Goode from February 2, 2006 to July 16, 2007, and is now portrayed by Davida Williams since December 17, 2008. Jade, at first, came off as the perfect long-lost relative for the Snyder family, but soon after proved to be a scheming vixen destined to use her beauty to get what she wants. However, despite coming across as cold and calculating, deep down Jade has a heart with good intentions.
Jade was orphaned at a young age and grew up in a church orphanage. After living with a foster family for several years, she eventually ran away to Oakdale, and upon arriving in town, became the victim of a car accident. Luke Snyder had been rushing to get home before his parents did and couldn't see Jade crossing the road. The accident put Jade in a coma, and when she awoke, she revealed a shocking piece of news to Luke and his parents: she was the daughter of Luke's deceased aunt, Rose D'Angelo.
Lily and Holden, Luke's parents, were skeptical at first, but soon accepted Jade as part of the family. Luke befriended her as well, and she was his main ranting board when she found out he was gay. Jade happily babysat the Snyder daughters, Faith and Natalie, and was all-around welcomed in the household. Little did the Snyders know, however, Jade was conning them. When she stole a charm bracelet from Lily's jewelry cabinet, Luke covered for her, believing he owed her for keeping his own secret. Slowly, as Jade began to make mistakes in telling the stories of her past, the truth came out.
Lily learned from the nuns at the orphanage that Jade was not Rose's daughter. Rose's daughter was named Theresa and she and Jade were friends for a while. Theresa confided everything in Jade and when Jade would turn up in Oakdale, she had all of the information she needed to masquerade as her best friend. When Jade got wind that Lily knew the truth, she forced Luke into a lengthy game of deception. She set it up so that Lily would find them in bed together, thus beginning their fake relationship. Jade, who claimed to want to be a part of a "real" family, knew that Lily was going to kick her out, but with her and Luke now "together", and Luke threatening to leave town if Jade was kicked out, she knew that she was home free.
There was one condition to the deal, though. Jade told Luke that if he ever told his parents the truth, that they were not an item, she would tell them that he was gay. Lily realized that Luke would leave with Jade if she was kicked out and reluctantly decided to let her stay, but not for free. Lily made Jade move into a cabin on their property and got her a job at the public library as a clerk. The Luke and Jade act went on for several weeks before Luke finally had enough. He was ready to come out to his parents and, though Jade tried to convince him not to, he did. Upon learning that her son's relationship with the waif was fake, Lily kicked Jade out.
Since then, Jade has been secretly spending her nights in the library where she works. Desperate to find a place to stay, she met Will Munson, the young man who had poisoned Rose D'Angelo years earlier. She befriended him and talked him into buying a term paper over the Internet (Will needed to get an A to pass Biology class and graduate with his wife, Gwen). Will kept the term paper a secret from Gwen, citing Jade as "just a friend who helped", and when he passed with flying colors, Gwen was very grateful to Jade. When Mr. Weber, the principal at Oakdale Latin High School, found out that Will cheated on his exams, the young man was expelled from the school. On graduation night, Will found Jade in the woods and they became intoxicated, eventually having sex next to an old footbridge. After spending all night making love, Will instantly felt regret when he woke up with the beautiful Jade at his side. Not wanting to hurt Jade, but also not wanting to hurt his wife, Will told he
r they had to keep their night of intense passion a secret forever.
Will kept his infidelity a secret from Gwen, while Jade was fired from her job at the library because of her involvement in Will's cheating on his school project. Thought she promised Will she'd keep her mouth shut about their affair, she brought it up as a factor when asking Will to get him a job at Crash, a music club where Gwen worked. Jade befriended Gwen, and the two began to get along. This worried Will however, who was afraid that Gwen would learn of the night both he and Jade made love. When Gwen learned that Jade was without a stable place to live, Gwen invited the troubled young girl to live at Carly's home with her and Will, because she recalled upon her own difficult experience not having a stable living environment. Eventually Gwen learned that Jade and Will had a one-night stand, when Maddie Coleman exposed their affair while Oakdale was being terrorized by a serial-killer. Gwen confronted her husband Will and friend Jade about the night they made love, and with
the truth exposed, Gwen ended her friendship with Jade and left Will.
Will tried to reunite with his wife, but Gwen only pushed him away. Devastated, Will turned to Jade for emotional support and they wound up making love a second time. Jade began to secretly hope that Will would give up on the possibility of reuniting with Gwen, and instead choose a future with her. However, her wish was not granted when she soon came to the realization that Will and Gwen were on the verge of getting back together. Horrified, Jade confronted Will inside a church, and when he told her to forget about the possibility of them ever becoming a couple, Jade told the man she had fallen in love with that would never happen. Jade informed Will that it will be hard to pretend they never happened, because she is pregnant with his child. Will was crestfallen, and came to the realization that the second time he hooked up with Jade Taylor he impregnated her. He quickly informed Gwen, who in her anger, told Will to forget about them reuniting.
Jade tried to grow closer to Will by being pregnant with his child, however he told her he would support her because she was pregnant with his baby but he was not interested in a relationship. Slowly things did not begin to add up, and when an ice storm hit Oakdale, Jade was in a car accident. However, when the doctor wanted to check on Jade, she avoided the doctor exam and instead rushed back to Will's place only to learn that Gwen had spent the night. Crestfallen, Jade realized that Gwen and Will were close to reuniting, and not wanting her baby's father with another woman, became determined to break them up for good. Jade began to post pictures of the baby around the house, and secretly tormented Gwen about the fact that she could not have children. Eventually Jade's friend Luke learned that...
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Vampire (Dungeons & Dragons) for jew...

everybodylike — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 12:06:01 +0200

2.4GHz T-Bus Distribution Box ,

Vampire
Characteristics
Alignment
Any Evil
Type
Undead
Image
Wizards.com image
Stats
Open Game License stats
In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the vampire is an undead creature. A humanoid or monstrous humanoid can become a vampire, and looks as it did in life, with pale skin, haunting red eyes, and a feral cast to its features. A new vampire is created when another vampire drains the life out of a living creature.
Contents
1 Publication history
1.1 Dungeons & Dragons (1974-1976)
1.2 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977-1988)
1.3 Dungeons & Dragons (1977-1999)
1.4 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989-1999)
1.5 Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000-2002)
1.6 Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition (2003-2007)
1.7 Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008-)
2 Description
3 Vampire Spawn
4 Variant Vampires
5 Vampires in Oriental Adventures
6 Notable Vampires
7 References
8 Additional reading

//

Publication history
The vampire was one of the earliest creatures introduced in the D&D game.
Dungeons & Dragons (1974-1976)
The vampire was one of the first monsters introduced in the earliest edition of the game, in the Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974), where they were described simply as powerful undead. Vampires were further detailed in Supplement I: Greyhawk (1975).
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977-1988)
The vampire appears in the first edition Monster Manual (1977), where it is described as a chaotic evil, night-prowling creature whose powerful negative force drains life energy from victims.
Dragon #25 (May 1979) details several vampire variants, including the alp, the anananngel, the asanbosam, the bruxsa, the burcolakas, the catacano, the ch'ing-shih, the ekimmu, the krvopijac, the lobishumen, the mulo, the nosferat, and the vlkodlak. The vampiric lizard man appeared in the module Tomb of the Lizard King (1982).
The Lankhmar vampire appeared in the module Swords of Deceit (1986).
Dracula himself was given AD&D statistics in Dragon #126 (October 1987), along with the vrykolaka and great vrykolaka.
Dungeons & Dragons (1977-1999)
This edition of the D&D game included its own version of the vampire, in the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (1977), and Expert Set (1981 & 1983), and was also later featured in the Dungeons & Dragons Game set (1991), the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991), the Classic Dungeons & Dragons Game set (1994), and the Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Game set (1999). This last set also featured the lesser vampire.
The velya, a relative of the vampire, was introduced in the module War Rafts of Kron (1984), and subsequently appeared in the Creature Catalogue (1986), and the later Creature Catalog (1993). The swamp velya was introduced in the module Legacy of Blood (1987).
The nosferatu appeared in the gazetteers Grand Duchy of Karameikos (1987) and Principalities of Glantri (1987), and in the Creature Catalog (1993).
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989-1999)
The vampire appears first in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989), which also introduced the Eastern vampire. The standard vampire and the Eastern vampire are reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993).
Variants for the standard vampire and the Eastern vampire in the Spelljammer campaign setting were detailed in the supplement Crystal Spheres (1990).
The lidevic appeared in Dragon #158 (June 1990).
The nosferatu vampire for the Ravenloft setting appeared in the Ravenloft: Realm of Terror boxed set (1990), and later appeared in Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium Appendix III: Creatures of Darkness (1994), and Van Richten's Monster Hunter's Compendium (1999). Several vampire variants appeared in Monstrous Compendium Ravenloft Appendix (1991), including the dwarf vampire, the elf vampire, the gnome vampire, the halfling vampire, and the kender vampire; these creatures were reprinted in Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium I & II (1996). The Eastern vampire (or mayonaka) appeared in Monstrous Compendium Ravenloft Appendix II (1993). The illithid vampire (or athaekeetha) also appears in Monstrous Compendium Ravenloft Appendix II, and later in Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium I & II (1996). Thoughts of Darkness (1992), and the Illithiad (1998). The oriental vampire and the drow vampire appeared in Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium Appendix III: Creatures of Darkness. The cerebral va
mpire was introduced in Bleak House: The Death of Rudolph van Richten (1996), and then appeared in Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Four (1998).
The vampire of the Mystara campaign setting was detailed in Night of the Vampire (1994). The velya and swamp velya returned in the Mystara Monstrous Compendium Appendix (1994). The nosferatu for the Savage Coast setting appeared in the Savage Coast Monstrous Compendium Appendix (1996).
Dragon Annual #1 (1996) details several undead variants, including the aswang (ghast), the baobhan sith (doppleganger), the civatateo (mummy), the dubbelsauger (ghoul), the eretica (hag), the fravashi (succubus), the gayal (wraith), the hannya (wight), the impudulu (zombie lord), the jigarkhor (wight), the kuei (skeleton), the lemure (spectre), the moroli (wight), the nelapsi (vampire), the ohyn (goblin), the pelesit (monkey), the qarlak (wight), the ramanga (zombie), the stregoni (vampire), the tlacique (spectre), the ustrel (goblin), the vetala (wraith), the wurdalak (lycanthrope), the xloptuny (wight), the yara-ma-yha-sho (lizard man), and the zmeu (ghost).
Three unique vampires for the Forgotten Realms campaign setting appeared in Dragon #236 (November 1996): Morg; Saed, Beast Chieftain of Veld; and Saestra Karanok.
Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000-2002)
The vampire appears in the Monster Manual for this edition (2000) as a template.
The hopping vampire appeared in Oriental Adventures (2001).
The drider vampire appeared in City of the Spider Queen (2002) for the Forgotten Realms.
Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition (2003-2007)
The vampire appears in the revised Monster Manual for this edition (2003), along with the elite vampire.
The moonbane vampire, the persuasive vampire, the psychic vampire, the savage vampire, and the swarmform vampire appeared in Libris Mortis: The Book of Undead (2004).
The vampire mind flayer appears in Lords of Madness (2005).
The Kasian vampire, the savage vampire, the shadow vampire and the terror vampire appeared in Dragon #348 (October 2006).
Two unique vampires, Black Duke and Red Widow appeared in Monster Manual V (2007).
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008-)
The vampire appears in the Monster Manual for this edition (2008).
Description
A vampire can be of any evil alignment, and if its alignment was not evil in life it becomes so in undeath. A vampire retains all the abilities it had in life, plus it gains the ability to drain blood and life energy, and to dominate other creatures with its gaze. A vampire can also command rats, bats, and wolves, or take the form of those creatures.
Some vampires worship the god Kanchelsis.
Vampire Spawn
Vampire Spawn
Characteristics
Alignment
Any Evil
Type
Undead
Image
Wizards.com image
Stats
Open Game License stats
In the Dungeons and Dragons game, the vampire spawn are undead creatures created when a vampire slays a mortal in a way other than with its bite. Vampire spawn look much the way they did in life (they are usually humanoids), except with hardened features and a predatory look....
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Medical radiography for Dental X-Ray Mac...

everybodylike — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 10:06:01 +0200

Levo Plus Pipette Filler ,

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Radiology. (Discuss)
Radiography is the use of ionizing electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays to view objects. Although not technically radiographic techniques, imaging modalities such as PET and MRI are sometimes grouped in radiography due to the fact that the radiology department of hospitals handle all forms of imaging. Treatment using radiation is known as radiotherapy.
Contents
1 History
2 Diagnostic radiography
2.1 Projection radiography
2.2 Fluoroscopy (angiography, gastro-intestinal fluroscopy)
2.3 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
2.4 Computed tomography
3 Technical considerations
3.1 Photon production
3.2 Power generation
3.3 Photon detection
3.3.1 Film/Screens
3.3.2 Image intensifiers and array detectors
4 Obsolete terminology
5 References
6 External links

//

History
Radiography started in 1895 with the discovery of X-rays (later also called R?ntgen rays after the man who first described their properties in rigorous detail), a type of electromagnetic radiation. Soon these found various applications, from helping to find shoes that fit, to the more lasting medical uses. X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early, before the dangers of ionising radiation were discovered. Initially, many groups of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, doctors, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up around the new technology, and this lasted many years. When new diagnostic tests involving X-rays were developed, it was natural for the radiographers to be trained and adopt this new technology. This happened first with fluoroscopy, computed tomography (1960s), and mammography. Ultrasound (1970s) and magnetic resonance imaging (1980s) was added to the list of skills used by radiographers becau
se they are also medical imaging, but these disciplines do not use ionising radiation or X-rays. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has only been part of the work of an "X-ray department", radiographers, and radiologists for a very long time. X-rays are also exploited by industrial radiographers in the field of nondestructive testing, where the newer technology of ultrasound is also used.
Diagnostic radiography
Diagnostic radiography involves the use of both ionising radiation and non-ionising radiation to create images for medical diagnoses. The predominant test is still the X-ray (the word X-ray is often used for both the test and the actual film or digital image). X-rays are the second most commonly used medical tests, after laboratory tests. This application is known as diagnostic radiography. Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, X-rays can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on film by highlighting these differences using attenuation, or the absorption of X-ray photons by the denser substances (like calcium-rich bones). Medical diagnostic radiography is undertaken by a specially trained professional called a diagnostic radiographer in the UK, or a radiologic technologist in the USA.
There are several sub-specialities:
Projection radiography
For the main article see Projectional Radiography
The creation of images by exposing an object to X-rays or other high-energy forms of electromagnetic radiation and capturing the resulting remnant beam (or "shadow") as a latent image is known as "projection radiography." The "shadow" may be converted to light using a fluorescent screen, which is then captured on photographic film, it may be captured by a phosphor screen to be "read" later by a laser (CR), or it may directly activate a matrix of solid-state detectors (DR--similar to a very large version of a CCD in a digital camera). Bone and some organs (such as lungs) especially lend themselves to projection radiography. It is a relatively low-cost investigation with a high diagnostic yield.
Projection radiography uses X-rays in different amounts and strengths depending on what body part is being imaged:
Hard tissues such as bone require a relatively high energy photon source, and typically a tungsten anode is used with a high voltage (50-150 kVp) on a 3-phase or high-frequency machine to generate braking radiation. Bony tissue and metals are denser than the surrounding tissue, and thus by absorbing more of the X-ray photons they prevent the film from getting exposed as much. Wherever dense tissue absorbs or stops the X-rays, the resulting X-ray film is unexposed, and appears translucent blue, whereas the black parts of the film represent lower-density tissues such as fat, skin, and internal organs, which could not stop the X-rays. This is usually used to see bony fractures, foreign objects (such as ingested coins), and used for finding bony pathology such as osteoarthritis, infection (osteomyelitis), cancer (osteosarcoma), as well as growth studies (leg length, achondroplasia, scoliosis, etc).
Soft tissues are seen with the same machine as for hard tissues, but a "softer" or less-penetrating X-ray beam is used. Tissues commonly imaged include the lungs and heart shadow in a chest X-ray, the air pattern of the bowel in abdominal X-rays, the soft tissues of the neck, the orbits by a skull X-ray before an MRI to check for radiopaque foreign bodies (especially metal), and of course the soft tissue shadows in X-rays of bony injuries are looked at by the radiologist for signs of hidden trauma (for example, the famous "fat pad" sign on a fractured elbow).
Dental radiography uses a small radiation dose with high penetration to view teeth, which are relatively dense. A dentist may examine a painful tooth and gum using X-ray equipment. The machines used are typically single-phase pulsating DC, the oldest and simplest sort. Dental technicians or the dentist may run these machines-- radiologic technologists are not required by law to be present.
Mammography is an X-ray examination of breasts and other soft tissues. This has been used mostly on women to screen for breast cancer, but is also used to view male breasts, and used in conjunction with a radiologist or a surgeon to localise suspicious tissues before a biopsy or a lumpectomy. Breast implants designed to enlarge the breasts reduce the viewing ability of mammography, and require more time for imaging as more views need to be taken. This is because the material used in the implant is very dense compared to breast tissue, and looks white (clear) on the film. The radiation used for mammography tends to be softer (has a lower photon energy) than that used for the harder tissues. Often a tube with a molybdenum anode is used with about 30 000 volts (30 kV), giving a range of X-ray energies of about 15-30 keV. Many of these photons are "characteristic radiation" of a specific energy determined by the atomic structure of the target material (Mo-K radiation).
Other modalities are used in radiography when traditional projection X-ray cannot image what doctors want to see. Below are other modalities included within radiography; they are only summaries and more specific information can be viewed by going to their individual pages:
Fluoroscopy (angiography, gastro-intestinal fluroscopy)
For main article see X-ray image intensifier and Contrast medium
Fluoroscopy is a term invented by Thomas Edison during his early X-ray studies. The name refers to the fluorescence he saw while looking at a glowing plate bombarded with X-rays.
This is a technique that provides moving projection radiographs of lower quality. Fluoroscopy is mainly performed to view movement (of tissue or a contrast agent), or to guide a medical intervention, such as angioplasty,...
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Turbo-transmission for centrifugal multi...

everybodylike — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 08:16:01 +0200

DC motor(oil pump motor) ,

Turbo-Transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies designed for rail vehicles using combustion engines. The first turbo-transmission was developed in 1932 by Voith in Heidenheim, Germany. Since then, improvements to turbo-transmissions have paralleled similar advances in diesel motors and today this combination plays a leading role worldwide, second only to the use of electrical drives.
Turbo-transmissions serve as a hydrodynamic link which converts a motor mechanical energy into the kinetic energy of a fluid, via a torque-converter and fluid coupling, before producing the final rotary output. Here, the fluid is driven through rotor blade canals at high flow-rates and low pressure. This is where turbo-transmissions differ from similar hydrostatic transmissions, which operate using low flow-rates and high pressure according to the displacement principle.
Contents
1 Principle
2 History
3 Double Circuit Transmissions for Railcars
4 Triple Circuit Transmissions for Railcars
5 Twin Converter Transmissions for Locomotives
6 Setting Performance Standards of Turbo-Transmissions
7 Advanced Development of Torque-Converters
8 Literature
9 See also
10 External links

//

Principle
Turbo-transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies whose performance is based on the F?ttinger Principle of fluid dynamics. Torque-converters, fluid couplings and optional hydrodynamic retarders are the key components in these assemblies, which are ideally suited for motorized rail vehicles.
History
The first turbo-transmission from 1932 used a relatively simple design. It consisted of a single torque-converter for the start-up phase and a fluid coupling for the travel phase which were both mounted on a common shaft. A key feature of this turbo-transmission was the filling and emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, a principle which was first used in F?ttinger marine transmissions. This offered the advantages of frictionless start-ups, frictionless gear shifting with constant traction, freewheeling through emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, and more efficient operation of the fluid coupling.
Contrary to F?ttinger however, Voith used low viscosity oil in the hydrodynamic circuit of its turbo-transmissions rather than water. In addition, various other improvements were made in the 1930: The addition of a high-speed gear, a more compact housing, greater compatibility with different motor types, automation gear shifts, as well as cooling via a heat exchanger.
In the 1960 the hydrodynamic retarder was also introduced as a third stage which complemented the torque-converter and fluid coupling. Together, all these engineering improvements had a common goal: To continually increase the transmission performance rating without compromising its installation complexity or proven reliability.
Double Circuit Transmissions for Railcars
In 1969, the smaller T 211 turbo-transmission was developed as an alternative to hydro-mechanical bus transmissions, being designed for diesel railcars in the low power range of 200 to 300 hp. Similar to the first turbo-transmission, the T 211 used a linked converter-coupling combination but it also had a high-speed gear for greater efficiency. Additionally, a reversing gear assembly was added and an optional hydrodynamic retarder could be installed if required. The converter had a hydrodynamic circuit diameter of 346mm, while the fluid coupling had a slightly larger diameter of 305mm. And due to its high-speed gear, the main shaft could run significantly higher at 4,170 rpm. As a result, the T 211 r had reserve power, which was reflected by its reinforced mechanical components (gears, bearings and shafts) as well as the transmission controls. At the same time however, the diameters of the converter, coupling and retarder remained unchanged. The overall flow rate within the h
ydrodynamic circuits was increased to accommodate the higher power rating of 205 to 350 kW. At 350 kW, the main shaft ran at just under 5,000 rpm which resulted in rotational speeds for the (empty) converter of 74 m/s when the vehicle reached its maximum speed. To ensure adequate cooling of the converter during high-speed operations, a stronger hydrodynamic fluid pump was installed, which supplied 3.5 l/s of oil through the heat exchanger during the travel phase and 9.0 l/s when in the braking phase, with the retarder rotor also serving as an additional circulating pump. When viewed from the outside this T 211 r transmission differed from its predecessor, the T 211 re.3 with 320 kW, only slightly through the addition of a built-in electronic control unit and an enlarged air filter.
Triple Circuit Transmissions for Railcars
In 1995, an entirely new transmission design was developed, the VT 611/612, for high-speed trains with tilting technology used by the Deutsche Bahn (German Railways). This new transmission concept used a converter-coupling-coupling design with an integrated hydrodynamic T 312 bre retarder and it had a power rating of 650 kW. To shorten the transmission overall length, a twin shaft construction was used over the high gears, which was similar to the design used in reversing units. The electronic control unit was also built into the transmission. In addition, the transmission reversing cylinders were operated hydraulically, which eliminated the need of having a compressed air supply on board. Five years later, the T 212 bre transmission was developed with a power rating of 460 kW. This transmission was similar in design, but unlike other large transmissions the T 212 bre could be mounted directly on the drive motor. This was a significant advantage, because it resulted in a very
compact motor-transmission combination for high-speed trains which could travel at up to 200km/h. The T 212 bre had the same hydrodynamic circuit dimensions as the T 211 r, but it had the further advantage of greater coupling efficiency for trains operating at only 50% of their maximum speed. For high-speed diesel trains this was important, because it permitted dramatically improved fuel consumption.
Twin Converter Transmissions for Locomotives
In 1999, a new twin converter transmission, the L 620 reU2, was developed for high-performance, main-line locomotives. The new L 620 reU2 was equipped with both a start-up converter, having a diameter of 525mm, as well as a travel-phase converter, having a diameter of 434mm. The design of the new L 620 re U2 was based on its successful predecessor, the L 520 rzU2 which had a power rating of 1,400 kW. This new transmission however was rated significantly higher at 2,700 kW and therefore virtually all of its components had to be enlarged as well as reinforced. In the standard version of the transmission, two gears were mounted on the secondary shaft rather than using the idler wheel found in the older L 520 rzU2. As a result, the drive shaft output speed could be adjusted to suit the locomotive power requirements. The drive shaft main bearing was also enlarged to 550mm. In general, this new high-performance transmission clearly illustrated the enormous capability of hydrodynami
c couplings. With a weight-to-power ratio of only 2.06kg/kW, the new L 620 reU2 set a record for locomotive transmissions. By comparison, the similar L 520 rzU2 transmission had a far higher weight-to-power ratio of 2.4kg/kW. In addition, a newly designed hydrodynamic retarder, the KB 385, was available as an optional component. At Vossloh, the locomotive manufacturer based in Kiel, these transmissions were installed in both its G1700 and G2000 main-line locomotives. Finally, the latest development is the LS 640 reU2 transmission which will be used for the first time in the Voith Maxima locomotive having 3,600 kW. The LS 640 reU2 is a so-called split turbo-transmission which uses two drive...
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Multiprocessing for dual processor compu...

everybodylike — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 07:16:01 +0200

Fingerprint and Proximity Access Control System, Measuring 175.5 x 130 x 43mm ,

Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them. There are many variations on this basic theme, and the definition of multiprocessing can vary with context, mostly as a function of how CPUs are defined (multiple cores on one die, multiple chips in one package, multiple packages in one system unit, etc.).
Multiprocessing sometimes refers to the execution of multiple concurrent software processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. However, the terms multitasking or multiprogramming are more appropriate to describe this concept, which is implemented mostly in software, whereas multiprocessing is more appropriate to describe the use of multiple hardware CPUs. A system can be both multiprocessing and multiprogramming, only one of the two, or neither of the two.
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Processor symmetry
1.2 Instruction and data streams
1.3 Processor coupling
2 Software implementation issues
2.1 SISD multiprocessing
2.2 SIMD multiprocessing
2.3 MISD multiprocessing
2.4 MIMD multiprocessing
3 See also
4 External links
5 References

//

Types
Processor symmetry
In a multiprocessing system, all CPUs may be equal, or some may be reserved for special purposes. A combination of hardware and operating-system software design considerations determine the symmetry (or lack thereof) in a given system. For example, hardware or software considerations may require that only one CPU respond to all hardware interrupts, whereas all other work in the system may be distributed equally among CPUs; or execution of kernel-mode code may be restricted to only one processor (either a specific processor, or only one processor at a time), whereas user-mode code may be executed in any combination of processors. Multiprocessing systems are often easier to design if such restrictions are imposed, but they tend to be less efficient than systems in which all CPUs are utilized equally.
Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems. In systems where all CPUs are not equal, system resources may be divided in a number of ways, including asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), non-uniform memory access (NUMA) multiprocessing, and clustered multiprocessing (qq.v.).
Instruction and data streams
In multiprocessing, the processors can be used to execute a single sequence of instructions in multiple contexts (single-instruction, multiple-data or SIMD, often used in vector processing), multiple sequences of instructions in a single context (multiple-instruction, single-data or MISD, used for redundancy in fail-safe systems and sometimes applied to describe pipelined processors or hyperthreading), or multiple sequences of instructions in multiple contexts (multiple-instruction, multiple-data or MIMD).
Processor coupling
Tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems contain multiple CPUs that are connected at the bus level. These CPUs may have access to a central shared memory (SMP or UMA), or may participate in a memory hierarchy with both local and shared memory (NUMA). The IBM p690 Regatta is an example of a high end SMP system. Intel Xeon processors dominated the multiprocessor market for business PCs and were the only x86 option until the release of AMD's Opteron range of processors in 2004. Both ranges of processors had their own onboard cache but provided access to shared memory; the Xeon processors via a common pipe and the Opteron processors via independent pathways to the system RAM.
Chip multiprocessors, also known as multi-core computing, involves more than one processor placed on a single chip and can be thought of the most extreme form of tightly-coupled multiprocessing. Mainframe systems with multiple processors are often tightly-coupled.
Loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems (often referred to as clusters) are based on multiple standalone single or dual processor commodity computers interconnected via a high speed communication system (Gigabit Ethernet is common). A Linux Beowulf cluster is an example of a loosely-coupled system.
Tightly-coupled systems perform better and are physically smaller than loosely-coupled systems, but have historically required greater initial investments and may depreciate rapidly; nodes in a loosely-coupled system are usually inexpensive commodity computers and can be recycled as independent machines upon retirement from the cluster.
Power consumption is also a consideration. Tightly-coupled systems tend to be much more energy efficient than clusters. This is because considerable economies can be realized by designing components to work together from the beginning in tightly-coupled systems, whereas loosely-coupled systems use components that were not necessarily intended specifically for use in such systems.
Software implementation issues
Flynn's taxonomy
SingleInstruction
MultipleInstruction
SingleData
SISD
MISD
MultipleData
SIMD
MIMD
This box: view?talk?edit
See also: Software lockout
SISD multiprocessing
Main article: SISD
All processors 8-bit and 16-bit instruction set.
SIMD multiprocessing
Main article: SIMD
SIMD multiprocessing is well suited to parallel or vector processing, in which a very large set of data can be divided into parts that are individually subjected to identical but independent operations. A single instruction stream directs the operation of multiple processing units to perform the same manipulations simultaneously on potentially large amounts of data.
For certain types of computing applications, this type of architecture can produce enormous increases in performance, in terms of the elapsed time required to complete a given task. However, a drawback to this architecture is that a large part of the system falls idle when programs or system tasks are executed that cannot be divided into units that can be processed in parallel.
Additionally, programs must be carefully and specially written to take maximum advantage of the architecture, and often special optimizing compilers designed to produce code specifically for this environment must be used. Some compilers in this category provide special constructs or extensions to allow programmers to directly specify operations to be performed in parallel (e.g., DO FOR ALL statements in the version of FORTRAN used on the ILLIAC IV, which was a SIMD multiprocessing supercomputer).
SIMD multiprocessing finds wide use in certain domains such as computer simulation, but is of little use in general-purpose desktop and business computing environments.[citation needed]
MISD multiprocessing
Main article: MISD
MISD multiprocessing offers mainly the advantage of redundancy, since multiple processing units perform the same tasks on the same data, reducing the chances of incorrect results if one of the units fails. MISD architectures may involve comparisons between processing units to detect failures. Apart from the redundant and fail-safe character of this type of multiprocessing, it has few advantages, and it is very expensive. It does not improve performance. It can be implemented in a way that is transparent to software. It is used in array processors and is implemented in fault tolerant machines.
MIMD multiprocessing
Main article: MIMD
MIMD multiprocessing architecture is suitable for a wide variety of tasks in which completely independent and parallel execution of instructions touching different sets of data can be put to productive use. For this reason, and because it is easy to implement, MIMD predominates...
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Thomas Crisp for bronze vessel sink

everybodylike — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 05:25:01 +0200

PVC Coated Copper Pipe ,

Thomas Crisp
28 April 1876 15 August 1917
Thomas Crisp, VC
Placeof birth
Lowestoft, Suffolk
Placeof death
North Sea
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Service/branch
Royal Navy
Yearsof service
1915 to 1917
Rank
Skipper
Unit
Royal Naval Reserve
Commands held
HM Armed Smack Nelson
Battles/wars
First World War
Awards
Victoria Cross,Distinguished Service Cross
Skipper Thomas Crisp VC, DSC, RNR (28 April 1876 15 August 1917) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British military service personnel. He earned his award during the defence of his vessel, the armed naval smack HMS Nelson, in the North Sea against an attack from a German submarine in 1917.
Thomas Crisp's selfacrifice in the face of this "unequal struggle" was used by the government to bolster morale during some of the toughest days of the First World War for Britain, the summer and autumn of 1917, during which Britain was suffering heavy losses at the Battle of Passchendaele. His exploit was read aloud by David Lloyd George in the Houses of Parliament and made headline news for nearly a week.
Contents
1 Early life
2 War service
3 Victoria Cross action
3.1 Citations
4 Postar remembrance
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

//

Early life
Thomas Crisp was born into a family of shipwrights and fishermen in Lowestoft, one of ten children to William and Mary Anne Crisp. Although his father was the owner of a successful boatbuilding firm and thus could afford an education for his children, Thomas did not enjoy school, instead showing a "marked preference for quayside adventure to school routine". Leaving school, Thomas took to the sea, spending several years as a herring fisherman before joining a fishing trawler out of Lowestoft. He was a natural to the work, being a remarkably good sailor, but tired of it quickly and joined the Atlantic steamship SS Mobile, becoming her quartermaster and making several transtlantic voyages.
In 1895, aged 19, he met and married Harriet Elizabeth Alp and settled with her in Burgh St. Peter near Lowestoft, where they had two sons and a daughter, including Thomas Crisp Jr., who would be with his father on the day he won the Victoria Cross. Establishing himself as a fisherman, Thomas Sr. soon achieved his mate and then skipper qualifications, entitling him to captain a fishing vessel sailing from the port. In 1902 he was taken on by Chambers, one of the largest boat owning families in Lowestoft, to crew and then captain their ketch George Borrow, in which he remained for thirteen years. In 1907 the family moved to Lowestoft while Crisp continued his work at sea, proving one of the most popular fishing captains in Lowestoft and joined on his ketch by his son in 1913.
When the First World War was declared in July 1914, Crisp was at sea. Unaware of the outbreak of war, he remained in the North Sea for several days, and was surprised on his return to learn that enemy submarines were expected off the port at any moment. When this threat failed to materialise, Thomas Crisp returned to fishing, considered too old for military service and in an occupation vital to Britain's food supplies. In late September, the George Borrow passed the HMS Aboukir, HMS Hogue and HMS Cressy just hours before they were all sunk with over a thousand lives by German submarine U-9. Tom Crisp Jr. later wrote of finding bodies in their fishing nets for weeks afterwards.
War service
In the spring of 1915, Tom Crisp Jr. left the vessel to join the Royal Navy. A few weeks later the Uoat threat expected so many months before arrived, as submarines surfaced amongst the undefended fishing fleets and used dynamite to destroy dozens of them after releasing the crews in small boats. This offensive was part of a wider German strategy to denude Britain of food supplies and took a heavy toll on the fishing fleets of the North Sea. George Borrow was among the victims, sunk in August, although it is not known if Crisp was aboard at the time. While temporarily working in a net factory following the loss of his vessel, he was scouted by a Navy officer recruiting experienced local fishing captains to command a flotilla of tiny fishing vessels, which were to be secretly armed. The boats were intended to be working fishing vessels fitted with a small artillery piece with which to sink enemy submarines as they surfaced alongside. In this manner it was hoped they would prot
ect the fishing fleets without the diversion of major resources from the regular fleet, in the same manner as Q-ships deployed in the commercial sea lanes.
Agreeing to this proposal, Crisp became first a Seaman and by the summer of 1916 a Skipper in the Royal Naval Reserve, pulling strings to get his son on board his boat, the HM Armed Smack I'll Try, armed with a 3ounder gun. On 1 February 1917 in the North Sea, I'll Try had its first confrontation with the enemy when two submarines surfaced close to the smack and her companion the larger Boy Alfred. Despite near misses from enemy torpedoes, both smacks scored hits on their larger opponents and reported them as probable sinkings, although postar German records show that no submarines were lost on that date. Both skippers were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and a present of ?200 for this action, and Crisp was offered a promotion and transfer to an oceanoing Qhip. He was forced to turn down this offer due to his wife's sudden and terminal illness. She died in June 1917.
Victoria Cross action

A UClass coastal U-boat similar to the one that may have sunk Nelson.
In July, I'll Try was renamed Nelson and Boy Alfred became Ethel & Millie, in an effort to maintain their cover. The boats continued to operate together and Crisp's crew was augmented with two regular seamen and a Royal Marine rifleman, providing the Nelson with a crew of ten, including Crisp and his son. The smacks set out as usual on the 15 August and pulled in a catch during the morning before making a sweep near the Jim Howe Bank in search of cruising enemies. At 2.30 pm, Crisp spotted a German submarine on the surface 6,000yards (5,500m) away. The submarine also sighted the smack and both vessels began firing at once, the submarine's weapon scoring several hits before Nelson's could be brought to bear. By this stage in the war, German submarine captains were aware of the decoy ship tactics and no longer stopped British merchant shipping, preferring to sink them from a distance with gunfire.
With such a heavy disparity in armament between the smack's 3pounder and the submarine's 88mm deck gun the engagement was short lived, the submarine firing eight shots before the Nelson could get within range of her opponent. The fourth shot fired by the U-boat holed the smack, and the seventh tore off both of Crisp's legs from underneath him. Calling for the confidential papers to be thrown overboard, Crisp dictated a message to be sent by the boat's four carrier pigeons: like many small ships of the era, the Nelson did not possess a radio set.
"Nelson being attacked by submarine. Skipper killed. Jim Howe Bank. Send assistance at once."
The sinking smack was abandoned by the nine unwounded crew, who attempted to remove their captain, who ordered that he should be thrown overboard rather than slow them down. The crew refused to do so, but found they were unable to move him and left him where he lay. He died in his son's arms a few minutes later. It is said that he was smiling as he died and remained so as the ship sank underneath him. The Ethel & Millie had just arrived on the scene as the Nelson...
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